2016-12-05 How do you convert hex to binary, if not by hand? -- It's in- teresting that all non-programmers have binary in mind when thinking about computer stuff, but no programmer ever uses binary, their lowest level is hex ... which makes perfectly sense. -- Well, I wanted to have the binary encoding of some ASCII string. I did the converting of the characters to hex manu- ally with the manpage ascii(7). I could have used hd(1) as well. Then from hex to binary, I could have easily done it by hand, but it found it to tedious. Thus, I used bc(1): $ bc -q < obase=2 > ibase=16 > 666F6F > ! 11001100110111101101111 (You have to concatenate the hex bytes and (unfortunately) you have to enter A-F in upper case.) The result is what I wanted, but you should note that leading zeros are missing! If you convert to bin this way, ensure that you fill up with zeros until the byte boundary. http://marmaro.de/lue/ markus schnalke