2016-02-09 That's the reason why Unix exists and also the key to any suc- cessful research: When a new researcher is hired here anywhere in the research area, he or she is hired because of a doctoral thesis or some other track record that indicates profi- ciency, creativity in some field that we are interested in. When the person comes in the department head's business is not to tell the individual what to do but to see that he or she gets introduced to folks with common in- terests or perhaps common interests and that various people come around and ask questions, try and consult with the person, and we suggest that a new employee spend considerable amount of time, up even to a few months, thinking about what he or she would like to do. Very often publishing the Ph.D. thesis is a good thing to start on. But anyway, people essentially found their own things to do influenced by the total environment they are in. And if a person wants to undertake a certain line of research, a certain kind of investigation, presumably because of the individual's technical background before coming here this would something that's in a field that is of interest to Bell Labs and we allow this to con- tinue. And if the person seems to be getting somewhere, seems to be interacting with people and well seems to be making some progress, and particularly seems to be communicating with his or her colleagues a considerable length of time can go on before the department head try's to steer the person in some other direction. [0] With this knowledge of the situation in the Bell Labs back then, one can much better understand how something like awk (Aho, Wein- berger & Kernighan) came to existence. The MULTICS people were told, ``we are not going to provide you with a large computer for a small number of people to do time shared system research on''. We didn't tell them what they should do. We told them various things that we were not going to buy equipment for. And so, that's standard operating practice for researchers. They are suppose to be able to find things to do and so eventually they did. ... and invented Unix. :-) [0] Sam Morgan (http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/mike/transcripts/morgan.htm) http://marmaro.de/lue/ markus schnalke